The technique of numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is applied to solve the population balance equation (PBE). The model considers the dispersed phase Systems in which nucleation and heterogeneous condensation are present. The studied phenomena model corresponds to a nonlinear integro-partial-differential equation. Test cases are solved considering two different collision mechanisms, the first-order removal mechanism and the effect of simultaneous coagulation and growth. Numerical results are compared with the analytical solution and with the literature. Based on these results, the technique applied in this work demonstrates to be a tool to solve problems in Particulate Systems, particularly for aerosol modeling where coagulation is the most important inter-particle mechanism affecting the size distribution.

The influent type of organic matter (dissolved or Particulate) on the characteristics of two subsurface wastewater infiltration Systems (SWISs) was investigated. One of the SWISs was fed with dissolved organic matter (glucose, assumed to be readily biodegradable) and the other with Particulate organic matter (starch, assumed to be slowly biodegradable). Results showed that both biofilm growth and particle accumulation in substrate could reduce the effective porosity and infiltration rate of SWIS, especially for the high organic matter concentration wastewater. The reduction in effective porosity and infiltration rate was primarily caused by organic particle accumulation. The contribution of the accumulated organic particle to the process of clogging was greater than that of biofilm growth and the clogging mainly occurred in the upper layer in starch-fed Systems. The SWISs fed with glucose were not clogged till the end of experiments. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) increased with time in start-up period and was almost invariable after mature in glucose-fed Systems; in starch-fed Systems, clogging of substrate prolonged the HRT. The two identical experimental SWISs were almost equal efficiencies for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The removal efficiencies of COD were not influenced by clogging under the experimental conditions. Ammonia N removal efficiency was higher in glucose-fed Systems than that in starch-fed Systems.

The efficiency of denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal in biological nutrient removal activated sludge Systems is strongly dependent on the availability of appropriate carbon sources. Due to high costs of commercial compounds (such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, etc.) and acclimation periods (usually) required, the effective use of internal substrates is preferred. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of slowly biodegradable compounds (Particulate and colloidal), as internal carbon sources, on denitrification, phosphate release/uptake and oxygen utilization for a full-scale process mixed liquor from two large wastewater treatment plants located in northern Poland. Since it is difficult to distinguish the effect of slowly biodegradable substrate in a direct way, a novel procedure was developed and implemented. Four types of one- and two-phase laboratory batch experiments were carried out in two parallel reactors with the settled wastewater without pre-treatment (reactor 1) and pre-treated with coagulation–flocculation (reactor 2). The removal of colloidal and Particulate fractions resulted in the reduced process rates (except for phosphate release). The average reductions ranged from 13% for the oxygen utilization rate during the second phase of a two-phase experiment (anaerobic/aerobic), up to 35% for the nitrate utilization rate (NUR) during the second phase of a conventional NUR measurement.

Background: Chlorpheniramine maleate (CM) is widely used as an antihistaminic drug but it is very bitter and as yet no mouth dissolving/ disintegrating taste-masked preparation that might be useful for pediatric and geriatric patients is available in the market.Objectives: The purpose of this research was to mask the bitter taste of CM by formulating microspheres of the taste-masked drug.Materials and Methods: This work was done to develop alginate/chitosan particles prepared by ionic gelation (Ca2+ and Al3+) for the CM release. The effect of different chitosan and Ca2+ concentrations on taste masking and the characteristics of the microspheres were investigated. Ca2+ and Al3+ alginates microspheres of CM were prepared using cross-linked insoluble complexes that precipitate, incorporating the drug. Formulations were characterized for particle size and shape, entrapment efficiency, fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), bitter taste threshold and in vitro drug release in simulated gastrointestinal fluids.Results: FTIR, XRD and DSC demonstrated unstable characters of CM in the drug-loaded microspheres and revealed an amorphous form. Also, the peak of alginate microparticles (Ca2+ and Al3+ ions) in all formulations remained the same, with low intensity of spectrum. The results of DSC, X-ray diffraction and FTIR showed the presence of several CM chemical interactions with alginate and ions (Ca2+ and Al3+). The microsphere formulations showed desirable drug entrapment efficiencies (62.2-94.2%). Calcium/aluminum alginate retarded the release of CM at low pH=1.2 and released the drug from microspheres slowly at pH=6.8, simulating intestine pH. The drug release duration and the release kinetics were dependent on the nature of the polymers, the cation concentrations, and valences (Ca2+ and Al3+). The drug release rate was decreased by an increase in chitosan and cation concentrations.Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that oral preparation of CM with an acceptable taste is feasible.

Background: From the day of industrial revolution and urbanization, exposure to diesel exhaust particles has become an environmental and occupational health concern as they contain a variety of nanoparticles which interfere with cellular function. Every organism on Earth has been exposed to minute foreign particles which enter the organ system and disrupt the cellular processes, interact with membranes, cell organelles, DNA, and other proteins to establish a series of dynamic bio-physico-chemical interactions. We aimed to study the variation in inflammatory cellular components and oxidative stress markers among exposures along with the variation in functional parameters of the organs involved in detoxifying these nanoparticles, the renal and hepatic system. Methods: After the ethical clearance from Institutional Ethical Committee, IHEC-UOM No. 123PhD/2016-17, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in Molecular Reproductive and Human Genetics Lab, Manasa Gangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India during 2015-2019, among 500 male garage workers of age group 18-60years with history of exposure for 6-8 hours a day without using any protective aids during work, for past 6-12 years and 300 controls, who live in areas where they were sparsely exposed. Serum oxidative stress markers, hemogram, renal and liver functional parameters were analysed. Results: A significant variation was observed among the oxidative stress markers among the exposures with surge in malondialdehyde and reduction in superoxide dismutase and catalase with variation in cell count, renal and liver functional parameters (p ≤ 0. 05). Conclusion: Diesel combustion nanoparticles induces oxidative stress which reflects hepato-renal aberration.